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Depression Anxiety Stress Scales – Short Form Version (DASS-21)

Description

A short-form version of the DASS; a self-report assessment of negative affect (depression, anxiety and stress) over the past week.A short-form version of the DASS; a self-report assessment of negative affect (depression, anxiety and stress) over the past week.

Test Features

Administration details

Administration type: Self-report Structured interview?

N/A

 Timeframe:

Past week.

 Approx time: 05-15 minutes

Accessing the assessment and manual information

Access information:
  • Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.
Manual details:

License details

Free to Use?

Yes, in public domain.

Reliability and Validity

Note: Listed publications are for the English version of the assessment only
  • Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176
  • Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227-239. https://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466505X29657
  • Lee, D. (2019). The convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.036
  • Sinclair, S. J., Siefert, C. J., Slavin-Mulford, J. M., Stein, M. B., Renna, M., & Blais, M. A. (2012). Psychometric evaluation and normative data for the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) in a nonclinical sample of U.S. adults. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 35(3), 259–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278711424282
  • Ronk, F. R., Korman, J. R., Hooke, G. R., & Page, A. C. (2013). Assessing clinical significance of treatment outcomes using the DASS-21.Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1103–1110. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033100

Norm information

Healthy control/general population norms:
  • Australia - adults: Crawford, J., Cayley, C., Lovibond, P. F., Wilson, P. H., & Hartley, C. (2011). Percentile norms and accompanying interval estimates from an Australian general adult population sample for self‐report mood scales (BAI, BDI, CRSD, CES‐D, DASS, DASS‐21, STAI‐X, STAI‐Y, SRDS, and SRAS). Australian Psychologist, 46(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9544.2010.00003.x
  • USA - adults: Sinclair, S. J., Siefert, C. J., Slavin-Mulford, J. M., Stein, M. B., Renna, M., & Blais, M. A. (2012). Psychometric evaluation and normative data for the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) in a nonclinical sample of U.S. adults. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 35(3), 259–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278711424282
  • UK - adults: Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227-239. https://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466505X29657

Resources and Documentation:

DASS-21 – Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale Short-Form Version

DASS-21 – Scoring Instructions